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How Many New Families Live During the 1950s Baby Boom

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United States birth rate (births per one thousand population).[1] The United states of america Census Bureau defines baby boomers equally those born between mid-1946 and mid-1964 (shown in red).[2]

The middle of the 20th century was marked by a pregnant and persistent increase in fertility rates in many countries of the earth, especially in the Due west. The term baby blast is often used to refer to this item boom, generally considered to have started immediately afterward World War 2, although some demographers place it earlier or during the war.[ citation needed ] This terminology led to those born during this baby blast being nicknamed the infant boomer generation.

The nail coincided with a marriage boom.[3] The increase in fertility was driven primarily by a subtract in childlessness and an increase in parity progression to a second child. In virtually of the Western countries, progression to a tertiary child and beyond declined, which, coupled with aforementioned increase in transition to first and second child, resulted in higher homogeneity in family sizes. The infant blast was most prominent among educated and economically agile women.[iv] [five]

The baby boom ended with a significant refuse in fertility rates in the 1960s and 1970s, later called the baby bust by demographers.[6]

Causes [edit]

Economist and demographer Richard Easterlin in his "Twentieth Century American Population Growth" (2000), explains the growth pattern of the American population in the 20th century by examining the fertility charge per unit fluctuations and the decreasing mortality rate. Easterlin attempts to evidence the crusade of the babe boom and baby bosom by the "relative income" theory, despite the diverse other theories that these events have been attributed to. The "relative income" theory suggests that couples cull to have children based on a couple's ratio of potential earning power and the desire to obtain material objects. This ratio depends on the economic stability of the country and how people are raised to value material objects. The "relative income" theory explains the baby nail past suggesting that the tardily 1940s and the 1950s brought depression desires to have cloth objects, because of the Bully Depression and World War Two, equally well as plentiful task opportunities (beingness a post-war menses). These two factors gave rise to a loftier relative income, which encouraged high fertility. Post-obit this menses, the next generation had a greater desire for material objects, however, an economic slowdown in the Us made jobs harder to larn. This resulted in lower fertility rates causing the Babe Bust.[vii]

Jan Van Bavel and David S. Reher proposed that the increase in nuptiality (marriage blast) coupled with depression efficiency of contraception was the principal cause of the baby boom. They doubted the explanations (including the Easterlin hypothesis) which considered the post-state of war economic prosperity that followed impecuniousness of the Great Low as main cause of the baby nail, stressing that GDP-birth rate association was not consistent (positive before 1945 and negative later) with Gdp growth bookkeeping for a mere 5 percentage of the variance in the crude birth rate over the period studied by the authors.[8] Information shows that but in few countries there was significant and persistent increase in the marital fertility alphabetize during the baby boom, which suggests that near of the increase in fertility was driven past the increase in marriage rates.[9]

Jona Schellekens claims that the rising in male earnings that started in the late 1930s accounts for most of the rise in marriage rates and that Richard Easterlin's hypothesis according to which a relatively minor birth cohort entering the labor market caused the marriage boom is non consequent with data from the United States.[ten]

Matthias Doepke, Moshe Hazan, and Yishay Maoz all argued that the infant boom was mainly caused by the alleged crowding out from the labor forcefulness of females who reached adulthood during the 1950s by females who started to work during the Second World War and did non quit their jobs after the economy recovered.[eleven] Andriana Bellou and Emanuela Cardia promote a similar argument, merely they claim women who entered the labor force during the Great Depression crowded out women who participated in the babe blast.[12] Glenn Sandström disagrees with both variants of this interpretation based on the information from Sweden showing that an increase in nuptiality (which was ane of the main causes of an increase in fertility) was limited to economically agile women. He pointed out that in 1939 a law prohibiting the firing of a woman when she got married was passed in the country.[xiii]

Greenwood, Seshadri, and Vandenbroucke ascribe the baby smash to the diffusion of new household appliances that led to reduction of costs of childbearing.[14] However Martha J. Bailey and William J. Collins criticize their explanation on the basis that improvement of household applied science began before baby boom, differences and changes in ownership of appliances and electrification in U.S. counties are negatively correlated with birth rates during baby boom, that the correlation between cohort fertility of the relevant women and admission to electrical service in early on adulthood is negative, and that Amish also experienced the infant blast.[fifteen]

Judith Blake and Prithwis Das Gupta point out the increment in ideal family size in the times of baby blast.[16]

Peter Lindert partially attribute the baby nail to the extension of income tax coverage on nearly of the The states population in the early on 1940s. The latter actualize already existed[ vague ] and newly created tax exemptions for children and married couples creating the new incentive for earlier spousal relationship and higher fertility.[17] It is proposed that because the taxation was progressive the baby boom was more pronounced amid the richer population.[eighteen]

By region [edit]

Northward America [edit]

In the Us and Canada, the babe boom was among the highest in the world.[xix] In 1946, live births in the U.Southward. surged from 222,721 in January to 339,499 in October. By the end of the 1940s, well-nigh 32 1000000 babies had been born, compared with 24 million in the 1930s. In 1954, annual births commencement topped four million and did not drop beneath that figure until 1965, when four out of x Americans were under the age of 20.[20] As a result of the baby smash and traditional gender roles, getting married immediately later on loftier school became commonplace and women increasingly encountered tremendous force per unit area to marry by the age of twenty. A joke emerged at the fourth dimension effectually comedic speculation that women were going to college to earn their K.R.S. (Mrs) caste due to the increased marriage charge per unit.[21]

The babe smash was stronger among American Catholics than among Protestants.[22]

The verbal beginning and terminate of the babe blast is debated. The U.S. Demography Bureau defines baby boomers every bit those born betwixt mid-1946 and mid-1964,[2] although the U.S. nascence rate began to increase in 1941, and reject after 1957. Deborah Carr considers baby boomers to be those born between 1944 and 1959,[23] while Strauss and Howe place the beginning of the baby nail in 1943.[24] In Canada the babe nail is usually divers as occurring from 1947 to 1966. Canadian soldiers were repatriated later than American servicemen, and Canada's birthrate did not showtime to rise until 1947. Nearly Canadian demographers prefer to use the later engagement of 1966 as the smash'south end yr in that country. The later end to the boom in Canada than in the U.s. has been ascribed to a later on adoption of birth control pills.[25] [26]

In the United States, more babies were born during the seven years after 1948 than in the previous 30, causing a shortage of teenage babysitters. At i point during this period, Madison, New Jersey but had fifty babysitters for its population of viii,000, dramatically increasing demand for sitters. In 1950, out of every $7 that a California couple spent to go to the movies, $5 went to paying a babysitter.[27]

Europe [edit]

France and Austria experienced the strongest baby booms in Europe.[xix] In dissimilarity to most other countries, the French and Austrian baby booms were driven primarily past an increase in marital fertility.[28] In the French case, pronatalist policies were an important factor in this increase.[29] Weaker babe booms occurred in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands.[30]

In the Great britain the babe blast occurred in two waves. After a short first wave of the baby nail during the state of war and immediately later on, peaking in 1946, the United Kingdom experienced a second wave during the 1960s, with a peak in births in 1964.[31]

The babe boom in Ireland began during the Emergency declared in the country during the Second World War.[32] Laws on contraception were restrictive in Ireland, and the baby boom was more prolonged in this country. Secular refuse of fertility began only in the 1970s and particularly after the legalization of contraception in 1979. The wedlock boom was even more prolonged and did non recede until the 1980s.[33]

The babe blast was very stiff in Norway and Republic of iceland, significant in Republic of finland, moderate in Sweden and relatively weak in Denmark.[19]

Baby smash was absent or not very strong in Italia, Greece, Portugal and Kingdom of spain.[19] There were all the same regional variations in Spain, with a considerable infant boom occurring in regions such as Catalonia.[34]

At that place was a potent infant boom in Czechoslovakia, but it was weak or absent-minded in Poland, Republic of bulgaria, Russia, Estonia and Republic of lithuania, partly as a result of the Soviet famine of 1946–47.[19] [35]

Oceania [edit]

The volume of babe smash was the largest in the earth in New Zealand and second-largest in Australia.[xix] Similar the Us, the New Zealand baby boom was stronger amongst Catholics than Protestants.[36]

The author and columnist Bernard Salt places the Australian babe boom between 1946 and 1961.[37] [38]

Asia and Africa [edit]

Forth with the developed countries of the W, many developing countries (among them Morocco, China and Turkey) also witnessed the baby boom.[39] The baby boom in Mongolia, one of such developing countries, is probably explained by improvement in health and living standards related to the establishment of a socialist lodge.[40]

Latin America [edit]

There was also a baby boom in Latin American countries, excepting Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. An increment in fertility was driven by a decrease in childlessness and, in most nations, by an increase in parity progression to 2nd, 3rd and fourth births. Its magnitude was largest in Costa Rica and Panama.[41]

See also [edit]

  • Aging in the American workforce
  • Post–World War II economic expansion

Bibliography [edit]

  • Barkan, Elliott Robert. From All Points: America'south Immigrant West, 1870s–1952, (2007) 598 pages
  • Barrett, Richard E., Donald J. Bogue, and Douglas L. Anderton. The Population of the United States 3rd Edition (1997) compendium of data
  • Carter, Susan B., Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, and Alan L. Olmstead, eds. The Historical Statistics of the United States (Cambridge UP: half-dozen vol; 2006) vol ane on population; available online; massive data compendium; online version in Excel
  • Chadwick Bruce A. and Tim B. Heaton, eds. Statistical Handbook on the American Family. (1992)
  • Easterlin, Richard A. The American Babe Boom in Historical Perspective, (1962), the unmarried near influential study complete text online [ permanent dead link ]
  • Easterlin, Richard A. Birth and Fortune: The Touch of Numbers on Personal Welfare (1987), past leading economist extract and text search
  • Gillon, Steve. Boomer Nation: The Largest and Richest Generation Ever, and How It Inverse America (2004), past leading historian. extract and text search
  • Hawes Joseph M. and Elizabeth I. Nybakken, eds. American Families: a Inquiry Guide and Historical Handbook. (Greenwood Press, 1991)
  • Klein, Herbert S. A Population History of the U.s.. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 316 pp
  • Macunovich, Diane J. Nascency Quake: The Infant Boom and Its Aftershocks (2002) extract and text search
  • Mintz Steven and Susan Kellogg. Domestic Revolutions: a Social History of American Family Life. (1988)
  • Wells, Robert V. Uncle Sam's Family unit (1985), full general demographic history
  • Weiss, Jessica. To Take and to Hold: Union, the Baby Smash, and Social Modify (2000) extract and text search

References [edit]

  1. ^ Pre-2003 data came from: "Table 1-1. Live Births, Nativity Rates, and Fertility Rates, past Race: United States, 1909–2003". Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention (CDC). (Retrieved from: "Vital Statistics of the United States, 2003, Volume I, Natality". CDC.) Post-2003 information came from: "National Vital Statistics Reports" (Dec 8, 2010). CDC. Volume 59, no. 1. The graph is an expanded SVG version of File:UsBirthRate.1909.2003.png
  2. ^ a b "Fueled by Crumbling Infant Boomers, Nation'due south Older Population to Nearly Double in the Adjacent 20 Years, Census Bureau Reports". United States Demography Bureau. May 6, 2014.
  3. ^ Hajnal, John (April 1953). "The Marriage Blast". Population Alphabetize. nineteen (2): eighty–101. doi:ten.2307/2730761. JSTOR 2730761.
  4. ^ Van Bavel, Jan; Klesment, Martin; Beaujouan, Eva; Brzozowska, Zuzanna; Puur, Allan (2018). "Seeding the gender revolution: Women's pedagogy and cohort fertility among the baby blast generations". Population Studies. 72 (3): 283–304. doi:x.1080/00324728.2018.1498223. PMID 30280973.
  5. ^ Sandström, Glenn; Marklund, Emil (2018). "A prelude to the dual provider family – The irresolute role of female labor force participation and occupational field on fertility outcomes during the babe blast in Sweden 1900–60". The History of the Family. 24: 149–173. doi:10.1080/1081602X.2018.1556721.
  6. ^ Greenwood, Jeremy; Seshadri, Ananth; Vandenbroucke, Guillaume (2005). "The Infant Nail and Baby Bust" (PDF). American Economic Review. 95 (1): 183–207. doi:10.1257/0002828053828680.
  7. ^ See Richard A. Easterlin, Nascence and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare (1987)
  8. ^ Van Bavel, Jan; Reher, David S. (2013). "The Baby Nail and Its Causes: What Nosotros Know and What Nosotros Need to Know". Population and Development Review. 39 (2): 257–288. doi:ten.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00591.x.
  9. ^ Sánchez-Barricarte, Jesús J. (2018). "Measuring and explaining the baby boom in the developed world in the mid-20th century" (PDF). Demographic Enquiry. 38: 1203–1204. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.40.
  10. ^ Schellekens, Jona (2017). "The Marriage Boom and Spousal relationship Bust in the United states of america: An Age-period-cohort Assay". Population Studies. 71 (1): 65–82. doi:10.1080/00324728.2016.1271140. PMID 28209083.
  11. ^ Doepke, Matthias; Hazan, Moshe; Maoz, Yishay D. (2015). "The Baby Boom and World State of war 2: A Macroeconomic Assay". Review of Economic Studies. 82 (three): 1031–1073. doi:ten.3386/w13707.
  12. ^ Bellou, Andriana; Cardia, Emanuela (2014). "Infant-Boom, Baby-Bust and the Bully Depression". CiteSeerX10.1.1.665.133.
  13. ^ Sandström, Glenn (November 2017). "A reversal of the socioeconomic gradient of nuptiality during the Swedish mid-20th-century baby blast" (PDF). Demographic Research. 37: 1625–1658. doi:ten.4054/DemRes.2017.37.50.
  14. ^ Greenwood, Jeremy; Seshadri, Ananth; Vandenbroucke, Guillaume (2005). "The Baby Boom and Babe Bust". American Economic Review. 95 (i): 183–207. doi:10.1257/0002828053828680.
  15. ^ Bailey, Martha J.; Collins, William J. (2011). "Did Improvements in Household Technology Cause the Babe Blast? Evidence from Electrification, Appliance Diffusion, and the Amish" (PDF). American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics. 3 (2): 189–217. doi:ten.1257/mac.3.2.189.
  16. ^ Blake, Judith; Das Gupta, Prithwis (December 1975). "Reproductive Motivation Versus Contraceptive Technology: Is Recent American Feel an Exception?". Population and Evolution Review. 1 (2): 229–249. doi:10.2307/1972222. JSTOR 1972222.
  17. ^ Lindert, Peter H. (1978). Fertility and Scarcity in America . Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN9781400870066.
  18. ^ Zhao, Jackie Kai. "State of war Debt and the Baby Boom". Society for Economical Dynamics. CiteSeerX10.1.1.205.8899.
  19. ^ a b c d east f Van Bavel, Jan; Reher, David Due south. (2013). "The Baby Boom and Its Causes: What We Know and What We Need to Know". Population and Development Review. 39 (ii): 264–265. doi:x.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00591.x.
  20. ^ Figures in Landon Y. Jones, "Swinging 60s?" in Smithsonian Magazine, Jan 2006, pp 102–107.
  21. ^ "People & Events: Mrs. America: Women'south Roles in the 1950s". PBS. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  22. ^ Westoff, Charles F.; Jones, Elise F. (1979). "The stop of "Catholic" fertility". Demography. xvi (ii): 209–217. doi:10.2307/2061139. JSTOR 2061139.
  23. ^ Carr, Deborah (2002). "The Psychological Consequences of Work-Family Trade-Offs for Three Cohorts of Men and Women" (PDF). Social Psychology Quarterly. 65 (2): 103–124. doi:x.2307/3090096. JSTOR 3090096.
  24. ^ Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (1991). Generations: the history of America'southward future, 1584 to 2069 . William Morrow & Co. p. 85. ISBN0688119123.
  25. ^ The dates 1946 to 1962 are given in Doug Owram, Born at the right time: a history of the baby boom generation (1997)
  26. ^ David Pes, Blast, Bust and Echo: Profiting from the Demographic Shift in the 21st Century (1997) see Pearce, Tralee (June 24, 2006). "By definition: Smash, bust, 10 and why". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on Baronial 7, 2006.
  27. ^ Forman-Brunell, Miriam (2009). Bodyguard: An American History . New York Academy Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN978-0-8147-2759-1.
  28. ^ Sánchez-Barricarte, Jesús J. (2018). "Measuring and explaining the babe boom in the developed globe in the mid-20th century" (PDF). Demographic Research. 38: 1203–1204. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.40.
  29. ^ Calot, Gérard; Sardon, Jean-Paul (1998). "La vraie histoire du baby boom". Sociétal. 16: 41–44.
  30. ^ Frejka, Tomas (2017). "The Fertility Transition Revisited: A Cohort Perspective" (PDF). Comparative Population Studies. 42: 97. doi:10.12765/CPoS-2017-09en.
  31. ^ Part for National Statistics Births in England and Wales: 2017
  32. ^ "Almanac Written report of the Registrar-General of Marriages, Births and Deaths in Republic of ireland 1952" (PDF). Key Statistics Part . Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  33. ^ Coleman, D. A. (1992). "The Demographic Transition in Ireland in International Context" (PDF). Proceedings of the British University. 79: 65.
  34. ^ Cabré, Anna; Torrents, Àngels (1990). "La Elevada nupcialidad como posible desencadenante de la transición demográfica en Cataluña" (PDF): 3–4.
  35. ^ Frejka, Tomas (2017). "The Fertility Transition Revisited: A Cohort Perspective" (PDF). Comparative Population Studies. 42: 100. doi:10.12765/CPoS-2017-09en.
  36. ^ Mol, Hans (1967). "Organized religion in New Zealand". Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions. 24: 123.
  37. ^ Common salt, Bernard (2004). The Large Shift. Southward Yarra, Vic.: Hardie Grant Books. ISBN978-one-74066-188-1.
  38. ^ Head, Neil; Arnold, Peter (November 2003). "Book Review: The Big Shift" (PDF). The Australian Journal of Emergency Direction. 18 (iv). Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL condition unknown (link)
  39. ^ Reher, David; Requena, Miguel (2014). "The mid-twentieth century fertility smash from a global perspective". The History of the Family. 20 (three): 420–445. doi:10.1080/1081602X.2014.944553.
  40. ^ Spoorenberg, Thomas (2015). "Reconstructing historical fertility change in Mongolia: Impressive fertility ascent before continued fertility decline" (PDF). Demographic Research. 33: 841–870. doi:ten.4054/DemRes.2015.33.29.
  41. ^ Reher, David; Requena, Miguel (2014). "Was there a mid-20th-century fertility blast in latin america?" (PDF). Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economical History. 32 (three): 319–350. doi:x.1017/S0212610914000172. hdl:10016/29916.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-20th_century_baby_boom

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